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Petra is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It borders the Jabal Al-Madbah mountain, in a basin surrounded by mountains that form the eastern side of the Arabah Valley stretching from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. The area around Petra has been inhabited since 7000 BC, and the Nabataeans may have settled in what would become the capital of their kingdom as early as the 4th century BC. Archaeological work has found evidence of a Nabataean presence only from the second century BC, when Petra was their capital. The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who invested in Petra's proximity to the incense trade routes by making it an important regional trading centre. Trading activities generated considerable income for the Nabataeans and Petra became the hub of their wealth. The Nabataeans were used to living in arid desert, unlike their enemies, and were able to repel attacks by taking advantage of the area's mountainous terrain. They were highly skilled in rainwater harvesting, agriculture and stone carving. Petra flourished in the 1st century AD, when the famous Al-Khazneh structure - believed to be the tomb of Nabatean king Aretas IV - was built, and the population reached about 20,000 inhabitants.
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