Ferns are a group of vascular plants belonging to the Pteropsida or Monilophyta classification. The name 'ferns' includes not only the 'real ferns' but also the eusporangiate ferns - including the ponytails, the Psilotopsida with the addertongue family, and the Marattiopsida, but excluding the Lycophyta (wolf's claws and beetles), which are a sister group of the ferns.
Ferns have roots that take the water out of the soil or from the water, or they are missing. Most species have a rhizome, a crawling piece of stem under the ground. There are also tree ferns that with the stems form a phantom trunk, so that a 'tree-like' appearance is created.
The ferns have leaves emerging from the rhizome. These are not necessarily comparable to the leaves of the seed plants. Many species of ferns have, in addition to fertile leaves, which contain the sporangias, also infertile leaves without spores, for example double-leaved ferns. In many other species there is no distinction between fertile and sterile leaves, for example in kidney fern.
Just like mosses and wolfs claws, ferns multiply through spores and do not form seeds.
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